I got busy and brought the rest of the lace pictures over. You will need to scroll down to see the new things.
Lace is a fascinating topic that seems almost infinite. The names of the lace can make my head spin there are so many! Or so it seems. But first, let me show you the laces I like.
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| Alencon Point |
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Gros Point Punto n Aria 
Gros Point a form of Venetian embroidery
  The couching is very important. Don' t slack here, lay a thread with some body, and couch it at 90 degree angles with a contrasting thread. I have a photo of one of my other projects to show you. As you can see I kept the same angle on my couching stitches at the bend in the leaf edge. That helps me keep the rows straight and aligned as I use the couched threads as a guide. Something I prefer to do.  
I use a contrasting thread for the couching because I will use it later when I cut the finished motif away from the fabric I used to make the leaf. I guess you could really call it all punto n aira, but no one does.
 This fourth photo is also taken from a European book dated 1894. I was impressed with the photography. Especially when compared with the woodcuts. Like today the late 1800's and early1900's were a time of transition, and lace was dying. Many excellent studies have been done on why lace died, how it died, and the effects of it dying. Lace making was a decent living until this time, whole villages were sustained with the effort of making and selling lace and then the machines started making it faster. But, if I pause and think a moment about this. Why would you labor every waking moment of the day to make lace when you could find a job in a shop selling lace? None of these events occur in a vacuum. We look at them in isolation to understand them, but they never existed that way. We all have choices we can make, if you can make lace I bet you can sell it better than the person who may just wear it. True? And so, my point is made, the world is ever changing, things come and they go, just as lace did. Unfortunately the lace was made by a class that did not leave careful notes on its production, so we are left today with more mysteries than facts. I love a mystery, my library is full of mysteries and their solutions. I am so glad I have this opportunity to explore it, it has been the adventure of a lifetime. For the longest time, I had no idea what I was looking for, talk about overwhelmed, amble through a hundred or so books over and over again trying to get your arms around an idea, a thought, a hint, absolutely anything. Everyone was categorizing the types of lace, all I found was a few categories of lace needle-made, bobbin-made and knitted. What was the mystery? Of yeah, the names! Well names are a cheap effort, you don't have to lift a finger to call something a name. And so the mystery widened. Especially when they started getting 'cute' and used names from another language. A language, mind you, that they barely understood. That told me a lot, once I figured it out. I knew that the designs were coming from the same source that crewel embroidery had come. I was more than familiar with crewel over a long period of stitching it. So rest assured lace can be easily designed from the legacy of crewel. And crewel has a legacy back to the old german from which it evolved. Yep, the vikings. I almost fell out of my chair when I was looking up the word embroider, I always want to add another 'er' on the end of that word. The New Oxford American Dictionary said the word "originated from late Middle English from the Anglo-Norman French 'embrouder' and that word was from the Old French word 'brouder' meaning to decorate with embroidery, which in turn, had a Germanic origin." The Vikings brought me embroidery! Astonishing, seems they left a lot more than I was aware of until now. And so . . . The photo of the design has the fillings in place. All the fillings are from the buttonhole stitch with variations that are numerous. And the names! Oh my gosh, the names are legion, in any European language you prefer. Please examine the directions of the stitches. Like Crewel the stitches suggest growth patterns and it would be helpful for the embroider to fill in direction lines in the pattern to help them follow these growth patterns. The bars that hold the motifs inline or in place are also covered with buttonhole stitches and have picots, that I will also cover another time. In the satin stitching you can see the bundles of threads that were used for the underlay of the satin stitches, that the number of threads varied with the size of the edging. You can see the holding stitch used to hold the top layer over the filling stitches used to fill the space. What you may not be able to see is how poor a job the satin stitching was. It bulges and sinks with whatever it was laying over. The filling stitches used as underlay left large craters and bumps and then the bundle of threads whipped stitch onto the fill just followed the topography. There is a bette way of doing this! Quite possibly the stitcher changed the pattern from a flat point design that had a satin stitch border on the edges of the designs with a toile or cloth filling. And she didn't have the internet to help her do the gros point edging. But I digress, the buttonhole fillings are especially nice in the photo as the tension was perfect. You can see the tension of the stitches at the top left side of the motif on top of the design. That wavy edge suggests the stitching was packed enough to pull in the toile, the fabric the buttonhole stitching created. And that the couching at the edge of the design kept it all in place. Unfortunately you can't see the 'thrown threads' in the toile if there are any. A lot of assumptions can be make here and they would all probably be wrong. I have some drawings of the buttonhole stitch below. Again they hardly tell the whole story of stitching these rows of filling. And the variations are infinite! Copyright 2013, Linda Fontenot, All Right Reserved, you must have permission to use this in any fashion. 
This is the buttonhole stitch with a laid or thrown row. This stitch will fill a space with a solid toile.
This buttonhole stitch is done back and forth. Unlike the thrown bar or thread that stitch over a row, throws the thread back across and starts over again on the same side.
You would use this stitch if you wanted to make a pattern or openings in the toile.
The final photo, and unfortunately the left side is blurry. So much so that I couldn't get anything from it. But the right side is pretty good.
I wanted to go over the satin stitches, because there are several alternative methods of getting a great satin stitched edge. I have used crushable interfacing that I find at the fabric stores, the best kind will tear easily into strips. It usually will tear easily in only one direction so you may have to buy a couple of samples before you find what you want.
I twist the strip of interfacing fairly loosely and sew it down with a loose four-sided stitch. I do them loosely in case I want to add threads to the bundle. And you can do the same thing with the bundle of threads. By doing a four-side stitch over the filling of the outline and doing it perpendicular to the design outline you will have a very nice satin stitch.
The four sided stitch needs to be a little loose, don't draw it down tight leave some room for more threads. This is a judgement call and really only experience will help. I will post an example. I know from my own experience as a stitcher and a teacher, the biggest cause for stitching problems is tension that is too tight. Pulling hard on a satin stitch will ruin it. You have got to leave a little loft in the arch the stitch forms. The surprising thing for me was that it didn't take long to learn this. I tried the laying tools, I tried pretty laying tools, long ones, short ones, slick one, rough ones. Hated them! It was just easier to stop the madness and figure out a better way of doing these stitches.
You will find this true for most of the category of straight stitches. So I started paying closer attention to what was happening with the stitch as it formed, then paying more attention as I stitched them, just a little more and ta-da!
Remember this, if you lay your stitches on a bias, you will have hills and valley, like those in picture four under the satin stitching, and nothing will fix it. You would have to rip it all out and redo it.
Don't pull tightly.
Practice!
Read my articles, vbg
The buttonhole stitch is legion it has been adapted to so many things! And still it is just a buttonhole stitch . And of course I have another drawing that shows the stitch without any fabric, just in the air.
No difference between the two, because there is not fabric in one of them it appears to cross over itself and might look different.
Copypright 2013, Linda Fontenot, All Right Reserved, you must ask for permission to use this in any manner.
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